The Cellular Composition of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System Is Changed in Blood in Response to Long-Term Swimming Training

Competitive swimming requires high training load cycles including consecutive sessions with little recovery in between which may contribute to the onset of fatigue and eventually illness. We aimed to investigate immune changes over a 7-month swimming season. Fifty-four national and international level swimmers (25 females, 29 males), ranging from 13 to 20 years of age, were evaluated at rest at: M1 (beginning of the season), M2 (after the 1st macrocycle's main competition), M3 (highest training load phase of the 2nd macrocycle) and M4 (after the 2nd macrocycle's main competition) and grouped according to sex, competitive age-groups, or pubertal Tanner stages. Hemogram and the lymphocytes subsets were assessed by automatic cell counting and by ow cytometry, respectively. Self-reported Upper Respiratory Symptoms (URS) and training load were quanti ed. Although the values remained within the normal range reference, at M2, CD8 C decreased (M1 = 703 245 vs. M2 = 665 278 cellmL 1 ; p= 0.032) and total lymphocytes (TL, M1 = 2831 734 vs. M2 = 2417 714 cellmL 1 ;p= 0.007), CD3 C (M1 = 1974 581 vs. M2 = 1672 603 cellmL 1 ; p= 0.003), and CD4 C (M1 = 1102 353 vs. M2 = 929 329 cellmL 1 ;p= 0.002) decreased in youth. At M3, CD8 C remained below baseline (M3 = 622 245 cell mL 1 ;p= 0.008), eosinophils (M1 = 0.30 0.04 vs. M3 = 0.25 0.03 10 9 L 1 ; p= 0.003) and CD16 C 56 C (M1 = 403 184 vs. M3 = 339 135 cellmL 1 ;p= 0.019) decreased, and TL, CD3 C , and CD4 C recovered in youth. At M4, CD19 C were elevated (M1 = 403 170 vs. M4 = 473 151 cellmL 1 ;p= 0.022), CD16 C 56 C continued to decrease (M4 = 284 131 cellmL 1 ;p<0.001), eosinophils remained below baseline (M4 = 0.29 0.05 10 9 L 1 ;p= 0.002) and CD8 C recovered; monocytes were also decreased in male seniors (M1 = 0.77 0.22 vs. M4 = 0.57 0.16 10 9 L 1 ;p= 0.031). The heaviest training load and higher frequency of URS episodes happened at M3. The swimming season induced a cumulative effect toward a decrease of the number of innate immune cells, while acquired immunity appeared to be more affected at the most intense period, recovering after tapering. Younger athletes were more susceptible at the beginning of the training season than older ones.

This study investigates immune changes in swimmers over a 7-month training season.