Abstract
xperience of many European countries irrefutably proves that clustering is an important way to achieve a high level of efficiency in the functioning of regions. The cluster concept has received worldwide recognition, since the evolutionary development of cluster formations of various types has led to the efficient functioning of enterprises in the regions, the creation of new jobs, an increase in income and an increase in the living standards of the population. The article summarizes the positive aspects of the creation and functioning of clusters in the regional economy, analyzes various points of view and scientific approaches to determining the essence and content characteristics of economic trends in the development of cluster formations, rationalizing the forms of their organization and improving the efficiency of investment processes. Keywords: cluster, cluster approaches, clustering efficiency, regional economy, investment processes One of the main tasks at the present stage of development of the domestic economy is to increase the efficiency of the functioning of the regions. The solu- tion to this problem involves the rational use of the production and human poten- tial of the regions, the use of modern marketing tools and progressive forms of management of the territorial economy. The experience of many European countries irrefutably proves that cluster- ing is an important way to achieve this. The cluster concept has gradually gained worldwide recognition, since the evolutionary development of cluster formations of various types has led to the efficient functioning of enterprises in the regions,
9INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS 2022 February 9, 2022 the creation of new jobs, an increase in income and an increase in the living stan- dards of the population. The positive aspects of the creation and existence of clusters are manifested in the following: • firstly, for the cluster members, an increase in labor productivity is ensured, and for the region - strengthening its own competitive status, strengthening com- petition both among enterprises at the intra-cluster, and intra-regional and inter- regional levels. At the same time, in the conditions of the formation and function- ing of clusters, difficulties in creating the necessary infrastructure are more easily overcome, since both the clustered enterprise, local governments, cluster manage- ment, and public organizations are interested in this; • secondly, for the participants of cluster formations, a positive aspect is the reduction of transaction costs, and for the region - the intensification of entrepre- neurial activity. At the same time, the difficulties in creating clusters in the context of this problem are stipulated by the lack of capital and skilled labor. The essence of transaction costs is that in order to carry out a market transaction, it is necessary to determine with whom it is desirable to conclude a deal, inform the participants about the terms of the transaction, conduct preliminary negotiations with them, prepare a contract, collect data to make sure that the terms of the contract will be fulfilled by all participants of a cluster formation. We believe that when form- ing clusters, comprehensive financial assistance should be provided by state and regional authorities, the leader of the cluster formation, enterprises and organiza- tions - participants in the formation. Note that the concept of transaction costs, like the cluster concept, arose almost simultaneously. Higher education institutions of the regions can provide a qualified workforce for clustered enterprises and organi- zations with the involvement of foreign scientists and specialists with experience in cooperation with cluster formations. A possible option for preparing a qualified workforce for the needs of cluster- ing objects may be sending a workforce abroad from the region to gain experience and master
education institutions of the regions can provide a qualified workforce for clustered enterprises and organi- zations with the involvement of foreign scientists and specialists with experience in cooperation with cluster formations. A possible option for preparing a qualified workforce for the needs of cluster- ing objects may be sending a workforce abroad from the region to gain experience and master the necessary specialties. • thirdly, for the participants of cluster formations, prerequisites are created to increase the ability to perceive innovations, and for the region - to increase invest- ment attractiveness. At the same time, difficulties arise in the hierarchy of clusters for lower-level suppliers, and therefore, in our opinion, it is necessary to introduce marketing management at all levels of clustering; • fourthly, the positive aspects of the functioning of clusters are also manifested in the fact that enterprises and organizations are provided with better access to sales markets, specialized suppliers and the adoption of technological solutions, and for the region - promotion of the most rational use of resources. At the same time, the difficulties for creating clusters are manifested in the blocking effect on the part of individual companies, which may be more competitive compared to clusters;
10INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS 2022 Electronic Research Conference • fifthly, the advantages in the creation and functioning of clusters for partici- pants are manifested in their greater flexibility, economies of scale and synergy effects, and for regions - in improving the innovation environment. However, in addition to the positive aspects, there are difficulties in creating clusters as a result of the threat of hyper-specialization and excessive "branding"; • sixth, under the conditions of clustering, there is a high probability of the for- mation of new enterprises in certain local territories, which will ensure the growth of export potential and create prerequisites for the sustainable development of so- cial processes in the region. However, according to some scientists in their studies, there is often a disinterest of state authorities, a misunderstanding of the benefits of the cluster approach. We believe that this point of view does not have sufficient justification, since in the regions of the Russian Federation the problem of clusters is rapidly updated, becoming the topic of many conferences and publications. Based on the generalization of a significant amount of scientific sources, the following definitions of this category have been identified [1-5]: - innovation cluster - an integral system of enterprises and organizations for the production of a finished innovative product, which includes the entire innovation chain from the development of a fundamental scientific idea to the production and distribution of finished products [6]; - an innovation cluster is an association of various subjects of public life (in- dustrial companies, research centers, government bodies, public organizations), which allows you to use the advantages of two ways of coordinating the economic system - an intra-company hierarchy and a market mechanism, and also makes it possible to more quickly and efficiently use new knowledge, scientific discoveries and inventions [6,10]. The authors of this study give their own definition of the category "investment cluster", namely: - an investment cluster is an association of various organizations (industri- al companies, research centers, scientific institutions, government bodies, trade unions, public organizations, etc.), which allows you to use the advantages of intra-company coordination and the market mechanism
new knowledge, scientific discoveries and inventions [6,10]. The authors of this study give their own definition of the category "investment cluster", namely: - an investment cluster is an association of various organizations (industri- al companies, research centers, scientific institutions, government bodies, trade unions, public organizations, etc.), which allows you to use the advantages of intra-company coordination and the market mechanism for faster and more ef- ficient mastering of new knowledge. Successful innovation clusters take advantage of their strengths and their abil- ity to carve out niche markets by improving quality, using new multi-functional manufacturing technologies, and quickly making changes to the organization of production. At the same time, innovations spread through the network of interconnections in the common economic space, facilitating the combination of production factors [7,11,12]. However, innovation clusters cannot be identified with what is seen as a high- tech (high-tech) sector. Indeed, even firms in traditional sectors such as textiles
11INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SOLUTIONS 2022 February 9, 2022 and clothing, leather and footwear, food, wine, etc. must absorb new technologies into their design, production and marketing processes if they are not to remain obsolete and decline over time. Based on the clustering of the economic system, there is an improvement in the mechanism of action of economic laws, which is as follows [8,9]: • the development of economic laws occurs as a result of the economic activity of people, the functioning and growth of their needs and interests; • There are three main phases in the development of law: identity and differ- ence, contradiction itself, conflict and resolution of the contradiction, which are simultaneously accompanied by the transition of cause into effect, mutual transi- tions of opposite sides of the law, etc. In the phases of identity and difference, economic laws are part of the laws of the formation of certain phenomena, processes; in the phase of contradiction - the laws of their development and functioning; in the conflict phase, the laws of transition to a new, more developed phenomenon, a more perfect form of one's evolution, etc.; • the complication of the mechanism of operation of the law of the adequacy of production relations to the level and nature of the development of productive forces without taking into account the subjective factor is due, first of all, to the appearance of new elements within the productive forces (forms and methods of organizing production, science, etc.). Quantitative and qualitative changes in the traditional elements of the system, and consequently, the presence of a much more complex structure of productive forces, new laws and contradictions within this system; largely similar changes in economic property relations, etc. So, the devel- opment of clusters today is one of the most important ways to improve the mecha- nism of operation of economic laws and the development of the world economic system, and the main competitive advantages in the global economy are growing, paradoxically, from a geographical location (territory, region) where the cluster is located. Therefore, in order to organize more in-depth studies on the benefits