Prevention and Healthcare of Common Injuries in Long-Distance Running for College Teachers and Students

recent years, more and more college teachers and students have started to participate in long-distance running. However, due to differences in physical fitness and exercise levels among participants, unexpected situations are inevitable. Therefore, this article takes some long-distance running teachers and students as the research object to study the situation of lower limb injuries in long-distance running teachers and students and analyzes the frequency and location characteristics of lower limb injuries. Then, a series of simple and feasible lower limb structural assessment and functional tests were conducted on selected long-distance running teachers and students with and without lower limb sports injuries. Research has found that the main types of sports injuries for teachers and students in long-distance running include sprains and strains. The incidence of lower limb sports injuries among long-distance running teachers and students is high, reaching 81.3%, mainly concentrated in the knee, ankle, and foot regions. Keywords Colleges and Universities, Healthcare Interventions, Injury Prevention, Long-Distance Running INTRODUCTION With the rapid growth of the economy and the improvement of people’s living standards, more and more people have begun to pay attention to their own health, and the sports activities chosen by the public are becoming more and more abundant (Wang, 2021). However, due to the limitations of stadiums, such as venues and environments, many sports programs that rely on the environment and ability of sports are not favored by the public (Alters, 2005). Because running does not require long-term dependence on the exercise environment and can also reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors

public are becoming more and more abundant (Wang, 2021). However, due to the limitations of stadiums, such as venues and environments, many sports programs that rely on the environment and ability of sports are not favored by the public (Alters, 2005). Because running does not require long-term dependence on the exercise environment and can also reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors and improve cardiopulmonary capacity and weight control, more and more people choose running as a form of exercise (Turris et al., 2014). However, while the number of people choosing the sport of long-distance running is increasing, the skeletal muscle damage of the lower limbs caused by long-distance running is gradually attracting attention

International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics Volume 18 • Issue 1 2 (Anderson, 2003). Sports injuries that occur during exercise can have a significant impact on the daily lives and teaching of teachers and students. Firstly, it could cause the training plan to be interrupted, making it impossible to continue with long-distance running exercises. Secondly, the damage caused will have an impact on daily classes and travel, making it impossible for students to study and live normally. Finally, recovery could require treatment and a certain cost following an injury, causing certain economic losses. Therefore, a series of similar investigations into injuries occurring during such movements must and urgently be undertaken. In this study, some long-distance running teachers and students were studied on the lower limb injuries of long-distance running teachers and students, and the frequency and location characteristics of lower limb injuries were analyzed. Then, a series of simple and easy lower limb structure assessment content and functional tests were conducted on selected long-distance runners and students with and without lower limb sports injuries. This article conducts a survey and research on long-distance running teachers and students, aiming to provide reference for long-distance running training in universities. INFORMATION RELATED TO LONG-DISTANCE RUNNING Current Situation of Long-Distance Running for College Teachers and Students Middle- and long-distance running training is a good form of exercise for the circulatory system involving the legs and limbs. This kind of running training is mainly based on endurance speed as the core of physical fitness, increasing the risk of bone muscle injury (Dick et al., 2013). Compared with professional athletes, ordinary long-distance runners often have problems, such as unscientific training, insufficient physical preparation, weak concept of warm-up and finishing activities, and poor injury protection and rehabilitation conditions (Jelvegård et al., 2016). Through a review of domestic and foreign literature, this article summarizes detailed information on sports injuries related to long-distance running, including injury incidence, types of injuries, causes of injuries, and suggestions for preventing injuries. W van Mechelen has found through extensive literature that the injury rate of runners is approximately 37%–56%. Irish Journal

and rehabilitation conditions (Jelvegård et al., 2016). Through a review of domestic and foreign literature, this article summarizes detailed information on sports injuries related to long-distance running, including injury incidence, types of injuries, causes of injuries, and suggestions for preventing injuries. W van Mechelen has found through extensive literature that the injury rate of runners is approximately 37%–56%. Irish Journal of Medical Science volume have reported that the probability of injury for young athletes is 40.16%, which is much higher than the 27.42% for older athletes. This could be due to the lack of training experience and self-protection awareness among young athletes. It believes that the human body must repeatedly withstand ground impact forces 1–3 times its own weight during running. Some foreign studies believe that the repeated impact force is a major cause of sports injury, and this high intensity and repetitive stress can cause overwork damage to the human body during running due to impact. According to the data of Chinese Athletic Association, the number of long-distance running competitions in China is on the rise, and the number of participants is also constantly growing. For example, China’s official marathons attracted about 1.5 million visitors in 2015, an increase of 500,000 from 2014, and increased with over 300 events in 2016 and about 2.8 million visitors. The statistics on the number of marathon events and participants from 2011 to 2016 are shown in Figure 1. Therefore, people with poor physical fitness are more likely to be injured, and physical exercise function is an important influencing factor of sports injury. For example, people with weaker muscle strength and flexibility may be injured due to excessive stretching or twisting of muscles or joints (Etxebarria et al., 2019). During long-term exercise, university teachers and students often have their lower limbs in high positions and have been injured (Ljungqvist et al., 2009). A series of factors cause sports injuries, often associated with frequent chronic injuries caused by excessive use of muscles and bones (Wenjia, 2020). Researchers have found that injury factors related to jogging include the runner’s personality (body structure and biomechanics) and

teachers and students often have their lower limbs in high positions and have been injured (Ljungqvist et al., 2009). A series of factors cause sports injuries, often associated with frequent chronic injuries caused by excessive use of muscles and bones (Wenjia, 2020). Researchers have found that injury factors related to jogging include the runner’s personality (body structure and biomechanics) and training methods (Vlahovich et al., 2017). Assuming that the coordinates of each joint are known, hip X Y p p0 0 ,( ) , knee X Y D D ,( ) , ankle X Y E E ,( ) , centroid of foot X Y p p3 3 ,( ) , the following formula can be obtained:

International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics Volume 18 • Issue 1 3 X X l Y Y l arc tg X X Y Y D p D p D p p D = + = − ⇒ = − −         0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 sin cos θ θ θ               (1) X X l l Y Y l l arc tg X X E p E p E = + + = − − ⇒ = − 0 1 1 2 2 0 1 1 2 2 2 sin s in cos c os θ θ θ θ θ DD D E Y Y−                    (2) X X l l d Y Y l l d P p P p 3 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 0 1 1 2 2 3 = + + + = − − − sin s in sin cos c os c θ θ θ θ θ oosθ θ 3 3 3 3 ⇒ = − −                    arc tg X X Y Y P E E P (3) This article focuses on long-distance running teachers and students from a certain university, randomly distributing 300 questionnaires, including 200 for males and 100 for females, and collecting statistics. A total of 275 questionnaires were collected, including 263 valid questionnaires, 187 for males and 76 for females. Issues to Pay Attention to in Long-Distance Running The first is safety. Long-distance running is a high-intensity sport, and participants need to have certain physical fitness and skills. Therefore, when participating in long-distance running, it is necessary to pay attention to safety issues, such as proper warm-up and stretching, correct running posture and breathing patterns, and avoiding excessive fatigue (Weitz, 2016). The

Pay Attention to in Long-Distance Running The first is safety. Long-distance running is a high-intensity sport, and participants need to have certain physical fitness and skills. Therefore, when participating in long-distance running, it is necessary to pay attention to safety issues, such as proper warm-up and stretching, correct running posture and breathing patterns, and avoiding excessive fatigue (Weitz, 2016). The second is environmental issues. Long-distance running requires a certain field and environment, such as smooth roads, clean air, sufficient water sources (Devereaux & Lachmann, 1983). Therefore, it is necessary to provide suitable venues and environments for long-distance running activities, such as playgrounds and parks. Then there is the issue of awareness. Long-distance running is a sport that requires perseverance and a strong will, and self-discipline (Huang & Xu, 2022). Therefore, it is necessary to guide participants to establish a correct awareness of exercise, such as insisting on exercise, gradually increasing exercise intensity, and eating reasonably (Kim et al., 2012). Finally, there are issues related to the content of Figure 1. Statistics on the number of marathon events and the number of participants from 2011 to 2016

International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics Volume 18 • Issue 1 4 the event. Long-distance running requires continuous innovation and enrichment of its activity content to attract more people to participate (Lusardi et al., 2012). Combining music, social, and interactive elements can create more interesting and dynamic long-distance running activities. The full score standards for male and female middle- and long-distance running in 2021–2023 are shown in Table 1. In summary, long-distance running for college teachers and students is a very beneficial form of exercise, which can not only improve physical fitness but also enhance people’s self-discipline and willpower. In order to better develop long-distance running, it is necessary to strengthen publicity, improve the level and safety awareness of participants, and continuously innovate and improve its activity content (Jurcik et al., 2021). Analysis of Positive and Negative Factors The positive factors affecting the long-distance running of teachers and students in colleges and universities are as follows: 1. The support of coaches or mentors: The support of experienced coaches or mentors can improve the participation and effect of long-distance running (Meyer et al., 2017). 2. Events and rewards: Events and rewards can stimulate the enthusiasm and interest of individuals to participate in long-distance running. 3. Encouragement of school policies: If the school has a policy to encourage teachers and students to participate in long-distance running sports, this could encourage them to join corresponding long-distance running clubs or activities (Brown et al., 2014). The negative factors affecting the growth and running exercise of college teachers are as follows: 1. Time pressure: College teachers and students usually face heavy learning and teaching tasks, which may cause neglect of physical exercise. It can be difficult to arrange time for long-distance running sports due to time constraints (Bliekendaal et al., 2018). 2. Health problems: Some people may not be able to perform long-distance running due to physical discomfort or other health problems, such as heart disease, asthma, joint pain, Severe obesity. 3. Environmental restrictions: Some areas within the university campus may not be suitable for long-distance running, such as areas with dense buildings,

due to time constraints (Bliekendaal et al., 2018). 2. Health problems: Some people may not be able to perform long-distance running due to physical discomfort or other health problems, such as heart disease, asthma, joint pain, Severe obesity. 3. Environmental restrictions: Some areas within the university campus may not be suitable for long-distance running, such as areas with dense buildings, areas with heavy road traffic, and an excessively winding runway. 4. Climatic factors: Harsh climatic conditions such as high temperatures, humidity, and air pollution may also be prohibitive. 5. Lack of interest: Some people may not be interested in long-distance running or feel that this exercise is too boring to stick to. 6. Social pressure: Some people may be unwilling to perform long-distance running because they are unwilling to show their posture or sports performance in front of others, which may also be a manifestation of social pressure. Table 1. Full score standard for male and female middle- and long-distance running from 2021 to 2023 Project Required Time for Full Marks (x’ y’’: x Minutes y Seconds) Score 2021 2022 2023 800 meter (Female) 3′22″ 3′14″ 3′06″ 20 points 1,000 meter (Male) 3′37″ 3′29″ 3′21″

International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics Volume 18 • Issue 1 5 7. Physical limitations: Some people may not be able to perform long-distance running exercises due to physical reasons, such as obesity, a body not suitable for long-distance running, poor cardiopulmonary function. (Goossens, 2015). Common Long-Distance Running Injuries Types of Injuries in Long-Distance Running Long-distance running is a high-intensity aerobic exercise, and long-term, high-frequency training can easily lead to sports injuries. The number and ratio of damaged areas can objectively reflect where long-distance runners are prone to injury during long-distance exercise. Corresponding preventive measures can be taken to provide necessary conditions for preventing sports injuries: 1. Running knees: Running knees are conditions in which the muscles, ligaments, or cartilage around the knee are damaged or painful during running or other high-intensity exercise. Officially known as “Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome” (PFPS), it usually occurs in front of the knee and is a common sports injury among runners and other athletes. Common symptoms include pain, swelling, stiffness, instability in the knees, and a “creaking” sound in the knees when walking or running (Wang & Sun, 2021). The reason for this is that during running, the lower limbs and feet of the human body continuously complete a series of continuous technical movements, such as pushing, lifting, and touching the ground on different hardness surfaces, enduring various vibration impacts caused by jogging and touching the ground. 2. Running ankle: Running ankle is a condition in which the muscles, ligaments, or bones around the ankle are damaged or painful while running. Running ankles are often caused by excessive pressure or twisting on the ankles. They are significantly more likely to be injured when you need to change direction, start, or accelerate frequently during running. Common symptoms of running ankle pain include pain, swelling, stiffness, or fragility around the ankle, and may even bruise or deform the ankle joint. 3. Hip pain: Running hip pain occurs during running which is caused by high-frequency, high- intensity exercise and long-distance running training. Common hip pain includes iliotibial band syndrome, hip muscle fatigue, hip muscle sprains, and

running. Common symptoms of running ankle pain include pain, swelling, stiffness, or fragility around the ankle, and may even bruise or deform the ankle joint. 3. Hip pain: Running hip pain occurs during running which is caused by high-frequency, high- intensity exercise and long-distance running training. Common hip pain includes iliotibial band syndrome, hip muscle fatigue, hip muscle sprains, and hip bursitis. Hypothesis: l 1 and l 2 represent the length of the thigh and lower leg of the lower limb of the human body, respectively; d, d 2 , and d 3 indicate the position of the corresponding connecting rod center of mass of the leg; θ 1 , θ 2 , and θ 3 represent the generalized angle coordinates of the corresponding connecting rods, satisfying the right-hand rule; T 1 , T 2 , and T 3 show the external driving moment applied at the joint; m 1 , m 2 , and m 3 represent the quality of the linkage; and p i represents the position coordinates (i = 1, 2, 3). However, when the human lower limb does a swing motion, take the p o at the hip joint as the coordinate origin, and the positive motion mechanical equation: X X d Y Y d p p p p 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 = + = −        sin cos θ θ (4) X X l d Y Y l d p p p p 2 0 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 1 2 2 = + + = − −        sin s in cos c os θ θ θ θ (5)

International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics Volume 18 • Issue 1 6 X X l l d Y Y l l d p p p p 3 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 0 1 1 2 2 3 = + + + = − − − sin s in sin cos c os c θ θ θ θ θ oosθ 3        (6) After deriving the position equation, the velocity equation of each center of mass of the swinging leg can be obtained, which is expressed by the following formula: V X Y d d p p p 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 =              =              X X X cos sin θ θ θ 11 (7) V X Y l l p p p 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 =              =              X X X cos sin θ θ θ 11 2 2 2 2 2 +              d d cos sin θ θ θ X (8) V X Y l l p p p 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 =              =              X X X cos sin θ θ θ 11 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 +              +         l l d d cos sin cos sin θ θ θ θ θ X      X θ 3 (9) 4. Plantar fasciitis: Plantar fasciitis is a sports-related condition

The article examines common injuries in long-distance running for college populations.