Abstract
he core muscles are essential for stabilization and strength building in all sports activities. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Swiss ball-based core stability training model for student-athletes of Pencak silat. Methods: This study used an experimental method with a pretest-posttest control group design. The subject of this research was the student-athlete of Pencak silat in Pontianak. Specifically, the sample was student-athletes aged 15-17 years. The respondents of this study were 60 student-athletes who were divided into two groups, the experimental and control groups, with 30 respondents in each. Analysis: Quantitative data analysis techniques were used to determine the effectiveness of the exercise model with plank instruments and modified bass tests of dynamic balance, before and after treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 16. Results: The results obtained from the core
who were divided into two groups, the experimental and control groups, with 30 respondents in each. Analysis: Quantitative data analysis techniques were used to determine the effectiveness of the exercise model with plank instruments and modified bass tests of dynamic balance, before and after treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 16. Results: The results obtained from the core muscle strength test using the plank instrument before was 1.8630 and after being given treatment was 2.763, concluded that the experimental group's core muscle strength was higher or more effective than the control group. While the value of dynamic balance with the modified bass test instrument obtained before was 26 and after being treated was 35.83. Conclusion: The balance test of the experimental group was higher or more effective than the control group. Based on preliminary and posttest evidence, Swiss ball- based core stability exercises effectively improve core muscle strength and dynamic balance. The effectiveness of the Swiss ball- based core stability exercise must be accompanied by a pattern of exercise that is in accordance with the muscle group and anatomical adaptation of the exercise according to the athlete's ability. Keywords Balancing, Core Stability, Pencak Silat, Student-Athletes, Swiss Ball 1.I Pencak silat is a body contact sport, which is competitive where achievement is an absolute must. Fitness professionals place greater emphasis on core training during sport conditioning training programs [1 , [2], 4], especially in the field of sports medicine, core muscles are the most important [4]. Hibbs et al. [5] emphasize that elite-level athletes in supporting sports activities require a much higher level of core stability. This statement is supported by Marani's study, which states that core muscles are crucial for building stability and building strength in various types of sports [6]. Stability is called important because it is the path of the upper and lower
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 10 (4): 700-708, 2022 701 body extremist motion system influenced by lumbo-pelvic stability. Lumbo-pelvic is known as a supporting load in protecting the spinal column and nerves during sports activities [7] [8]. Core exercise, according to McGill, is important in helping to improve handling and balance; in addition, the upper / lower body muscles will protect the spine and increase strength. Mills' case study found that athletes with good lumbo-pelvic stability showed the best scores in terms of agility and strength. [10] The Shinkle study showed that core strength significantly affected the athlete's ability to generate and transfer force towards the extremities [11]. In theory, if the extremities are strong and the core is weak, then decreased contraction of the muscle mass through the core will result in less force and an inefficient movement pattern [8]. According to Wiguna, core training is very necessary in general preparatory training, especially for beginner athletes or young athletes, because this type of exercise can increase overall muscle strength through the dynamic and static nature of training [12]. The core training model is vital for adolescent athletes because the core muscles are the foundation of the human body, so core training follows adolescent athletes' needs. One of the exercises that can be used to train the core muscles is core stability training. This core stability exercise is increasingly emphasized by fitness professionals in sports training programs [4], [13], [14]. According to Kibler [15], core stability is an exercise model that improves the ability to control the position of the torso through the pelvis and legs to allow optimal movement. In line with Silfies [16] , core stability is the ability to control the torso's position and movement, which aims to produce, transfer, and control the optimal force of the terminal segment during functional activities. According to Marani [8], a swiss ball is an exercise program to train core stability. The Swiss Ball exercise media is emphasized as an effective training medium to increase core strength, increase spinal stability and flexibility in physiotherapy treatments [17], [18], [19].
movement, which aims to produce, transfer, and control the optimal force of the terminal segment during functional activities. According to Marani [8], a swiss ball is an exercise program to train core stability. The Swiss Ball exercise media is emphasized as an effective training medium to increase core strength, increase spinal stability and flexibility in physiotherapy treatments [17], [18], [19]. According to Rutherford and Jones in Stanton [20] stated that the adaptation of the swiss ball exercise tends to produce synergistic muscle coordination so that it affects better stabilization, and the swiss ball exercise is said to improve neuromuscular pathways, besides that it can improve strength and balance. Thus enabling the Swiss ball to increase strength, endurance, flexibility, and coordination, it can also be used to improve the ability to balance perceptual [21 ]. Many studies on cores, especially core stability, have been carried out. Several studies have been conducted in Indonesia, but most of the content analysis conducted in core stability focuses on the direct effect of Swiss ball-based core training. In line with this information, a study that examines core stability based on Swiss ball media by implementing an exercise that is divided into several stages of exercise to reduce the risk of injury, the training program is divided into stages of anatomical adaptation of the exercise under the principles of specific training needed. According to Shinkle, the core is the center of most of the body's kinetic chains, so it must be appropriately trained and programmed. In addition, application support regarding implementing an exercise program model for athletes can exercise independently, and that coaches and athletes will get information about the benefits of core stability training with Swiss ball media [11]. The study conducted by researchers is expected to provide information on models and core training programs following the characteristics of athletes both in terms of growth and development so that optimal results are obtained. In addition, the findings obtained can be used as the basis for further development research conducted during the training session. The study results are used for core training in Pencak silat. The
expected to provide information on models and core training programs following the characteristics of athletes both in terms of growth and development so that optimal results are obtained. In addition, the findings obtained can be used as the basis for further development research conducted during the training session. The study results are used for core training in Pencak silat. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of Swiss ball-based core stability training on student-athletes of Pencak silat in the age range of 15-17 years. 2. Materials and Methods This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Swiss ball- based core stability exercise for core strength and balance. The research method used quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest control group design. The research was conducted in June – August 2021 and located in Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia. It involved athletes/fighters of Pencak silat who were junior and senior high school students with the same ability level, aged 15-17 years, from four Pencak silat colleges. The four Pencak silat colleges include: Kijang Berantai College, Asad College, Wekasan College, Setia Hati College, and Tapak Suci College. Table 1. Research Design in Model Effectiveness Subject Pretest Treatment t-test R R O 1 O2 X - O 2 O2 Table 1 shows the division of the control group and the experimental group. Subjects were selected using purposive sampling. The sample of subjects was 60 people involved with the inclusion criteria as athletes aged 15-17 years old with the same ability level. The total sample was divided into two; 30 persons of the experimental group and 30 persons of the control group.
702 Swiss Ball-Based Core Stability Exercise for Students-Athletes of Pencak Silat in Pontianak: Experimental Study Table 2. Phases of Swiss Ball Exercise Meeting 1 2 3 4 Phase 1 Adaptation 3 set, 10 reps 3 set, 10 reps 4 set, 10 reps 5 set, 10 reps Phase 2 Development 3 set, 10 reps 3 set, 10 reps 4 set, 10 reps 5 set, 10 reps Phase 3 Advanced combination 3 set, 10 reps 4 set, 10 reps 5 set, 10 reps 3 set, 10 reps Table 2 explains that the experimental group received treatment, as many as 12 meetings for 4 weeks with a frequency of 3 times a week with swiss ball media exercises. The control sample group received conventional treatment according to the program given by the coach at their respective schools or clubs, namely normal core exercises, such as sit-ups, push-ups, back-ups. Although the two study groups received different treatments, the program material provided was the core training program. The experimental group received a Swiss ball-based core training program was divided into 3 phases. The first phase was the neural adaptation phase, including the neural adaptation phase, the development phase, and the advanced combination phase; the neural adaptation phase involves basic stabilization to assist in developing motor control. The second phase was the developmental phase, which involved a variety of exercise movements that are more complex and more intense than the first phase in terms of difficulty of movement, with a description of the development of balance and strength in the core muscles. The third phase was advanced or combined with a focus on combined with other movements. Each program phase must be understood and implemented thoroughly before moving on to the subsequent phases. Those were conducted to provide enhancement loading so the endurance and strength of the athlete improve as expected and can avoid the risk of injury. Research data collection techniques were collected using a psychomotor test instrument which included a plank instrument and a modified bass test instrument of dynamic balance. Data were collected before (pretest) and after (posttest) treatment in the experimental and
to provide enhancement loading so the endurance and strength of the athlete improve as expected and can avoid the risk of injury. Research data collection techniques were collected using a psychomotor test instrument which included a plank instrument and a modified bass test instrument of dynamic balance. Data were collected before (pretest) and after (posttest) treatment in the experimental and control groups. This data was analyzed to assess the effectiveness of the core exercise model with Swiss ball media in the experimental group and compared with the control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. To determine whether or not there was a significant effect of core stability treatment with Swiss ball media and not using paired t-test by comparing pretest and posttest in both experimental and control groups, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. 3. Results The statistical test results showed that the average plank number on the subject before treatment of the core stability model based on Swiss ball media showed an increase from 1.8630 to 2.7683 after being given treatment to the experimental group (table 3). Table 3. Paired Samples of Plank Test of Experimental Group Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean PretestExp_ Plank 1.8630 30 .81804 .14935 PosttestExp_ Plank 2.7683 30 .60120 .10976 While based on the output results using the SPSS 16 application, the mean value of the plank control variables before the treatment of swiss-ball media was 1.8630 and after was 2.7683 (table 3).
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 10 (4): 700-708, 2022 703 Table 4. Paired differences Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pair 1 PretestExp_Plank - PosttestExp_Plank -.90533 .37379 .06824 -1.04491 -.76576 -13.266 29 .000 Figure 1. Plank Test of Experimental Group Table 5. Paired Samples Test of Plank Test of Control Group Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean Pair 2 PretestCont_Plank 1.7857 30 .62279 .11371 .11634 PosttesCont_Plank 2.1673 30 .63723 Table 6. Paired differences Samples Test Paired Differences t Df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pair 2 PretestCont_Plank - PosttesCont_Plank -.38167 .33725 .06157 -.50760 -.25573 -6.199 29 .000 In the significance test, the difference in the results of t-count = 13. 266, df = 29, and p-value = 0.00 <0.05, which means a significant difference found in core muscle strength before and after the treatment of the core stability exercise model (table 4). The following diagram compared the results of the average strength before and after treatment with training models using a swiss ball, expressed in a bar chart of Figure 1. While Based on the output results using the SPSS 16 application, the mean value of the plank control results before being given the model was 1.77857, and after being given treatment with the swiss ball training model was 2.1673 (table 5). Based on the output results that the average value of the strength results with the initial plank test was 1.77857 and the final plank test was 2.1673, it means that the average strength of the control group had increased (table 5). In the significance test of the difference with SPSS 16, the results of t-count = 6.199, df = 29, and p-value = 0.00 < 0.05 (table 6). It means a significant difference was found in the strength test measured with the plank test of the control group in the early and late stages. Figure 2 shows the average strength in the control group plank test in
difference with SPSS 16, the results of t-count = 6.199, df = 29, and p-value = 0.00 < 0.05 (table 6). It means a significant difference was found in the strength test measured with the plank test of the control group in the early and late stages. Figure 2 shows the average strength in the control group plank test in pretest and posttest.
704 Swiss Ball-Based Core Stability Exercise for Students-Athletes of Pencak Silat in Pontianak: Experimental Study Figure 2. The results of the Plank Test of Control Group Figure 3. Bass Balance Modified Test of Experimental Group Table 7. Paired Samples Statistics of Modified Bass Balance Test of Experiment Group Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean PreExp_Balance 26.6667 30 4.61133 .84191 Posttest_Exp 35.0000 30 3.71391 .67806 Table. 8. Paired Differences Samples Test Paired Differences t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper PreExp_Balance - Posttest_Exp -8.333 2.397 .43769 -9.228 -7.438 -19.0 29 .000 While according to the results of the output using the SPSS 16 application on Table 7 , the mean value of the modified bass balance test results before the swiss-ball training model was 26.667 and after was 35. Based on the output using SPSS 16, the average value of the modified bass balance test before being treated with the core stability model was 26.667, and after it was 35, the average balance value improved. In the significance test, the difference in the results of t-count = 19, df = 29 and p- value = 0.00 <0.05 (table 8).
International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences 10 (4): 700-708, 2022 705 There was a significant difference between the balance before and after the core- stability exercise model treatment. Figure 3 shows the results of the average balance of athletes before and after treatment using the core stability training model. While based on the output results using the SPSS 16 application, the mean value of the modified bass-balance test control variables results before treatment with the swiss-ball training model was 22 and after was 26.8333 Based on the table above, there was a difference between the core strength and the balance improvement between the experimental (26.8333) and control variable (22.000), so that the Swiss ball training affected the increase in core muscle strength with balance (table 9). In the significance test, the difference in the results of t-count = 10.802, df = 29 , and p-value = 0.00 < 0.05 (table 10). There was a significant difference in the Modified Bass Balance test before and after the treatment of the core stability training model. Figure 4 shows comparison results of the initial and final stages of the control group using the modified bass balance test. Table 9. Paired Samples Statistics of Modified Bass Balance Test of Control Group Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean PreCont_Balance 22.0000 30 4.27503 .78051 1.03066 PostBalance_Cont 26.8333 30 5.64516 Table 10. Paired Samples Test Paired Differences t Df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper Pair 2 PreCont_Balance - PostBalance_Con -4.83333 2.45066 .44743 -5.74843 -3.91824 -10.802 29 .000 Figure 4. Modified Bass Balance Test of Control group
706 Swiss Ball-Based Core Stability Exercise for Students-Athletes of Pencak Silat in Pontianak: Experimental Study 4. Discussion The results showed that the additional pressure applied to the muscles that were synergistic in the treatment of core stability exercises based on the swiss ball in stabilizing the trunk during treatment. Because core stability training uses the stability of a swiss ball, balance, strength, and coordination are required, which can be trained simultaneously as strength and stability. Swiss ball training is an exercise that puts weight on the upper and lower limbs simultaneously [22]. Based on table 4 the results of the study showed significant changes in core muscle strength after treatment. In line with the study of Silfies et al. training with a swiss ball can increase the activity of the transversus abdominis muscle and increase muscle mobilization in core exercises compared to training on a stable surface [16]. So Sekendiz et al [17], reported that the Swiss ball training for 12 weeks effectively increased core strength, endurance, flexibility, and dynamic balance. Table 5 explains that the swiss ball training shows a good average plank control score from 1,778 to 2,167. Previous studies show the same data, meaning that the Swiss ball has an effect on flexibility and other factors. Statement Marshall and Murphy [23] found that Swiss ball training provided a training stimulus for the rectus abdominis muscle. So research shows exercise with a Swiss ball according to Lehman, Cosio- lima [24], [25]. It positively affects the flexibility and balance of the abdominal muscles, strength, back and leg muscles, and core muscles. According to table 3 the average number of planks in the process before and after intervention increased in number and the results of this study are supported by Staton's statement [26], Swiss ball training seems to impact core stability positively. In line with that, Srivatrav [27] from the study results, it can be concluded that the torso stability of athletes using Swiss balls can be improved in a short time. In line with that, according to Herington et al., in Marani [6], core stability exercises are exercises that
Description
The study analyzes the effectiveness of Swiss ball exercises on core strength and balance in student-athletes.