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article 2025 12 pages

Thermal and Biomechanical Responses of Amateur, Elite and World Cup Athletes During a World Cup Sprint Triathlon in the Heat

Carl James, Borja Muniz-Pardos, Mohammed Ihsan, Ka-Kay Lo, Wing-Kai Lam, Dani Peña Iglesias, Konstantinos Angeloudis, Yi Teng, Jiao Jiao, Ke Hu, KaKi Wong, Fergus Guppy, Sébastien Racinais, Samuel Chalmers, Sergio Migliorini, Kenneth Wu, Yannis Pitsiladis

Journal
Sports Medicine
DOI
10.1007/s40279-025-02193-7
Publication type
Original Research
Population
Amateur, Elite, World Cup Athletes
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Abstract

Objectives

Core temperature (TCORE), skin temperature (TTORSO) and running kinematics were measured across different athlete categories at a World Cup Sprint Triathlon, occurring during a heatwave (~ 25–31 °C Wet Bulb Globe Temperature [WBGT]).

Methods

Sixty-six triathletes participated: 21 World Cup (7 females), 32 Hong Kong-Elite (HK-Elite; 8 females) and 13 Amateur (6 females).

Results

Seventeen triathletes displayed a TCORE > 40.0 °C and two > 41.0 °C. Peak TCORE was not different between athlete categories (World Cup: 39.7 ± 0.6 °C; HK-Elite: 39.9 ± 0.8 °C; Amateur: 39.5 ± 0.8 °C; p = 0.357). However, there was an interaction between race phase and category (p = 0.001). Changes in TCORE for World Cup (2.4 ± 0.4 °C) and HK-Elite (2.5 ± 1.0 °C) were greater than for Amateurs (1.5 ± 0.7 °C). Peak TTORSO was higher in HK-Elites during afternoon races compared with morning World Cup races (p 

Description

This study investigates thermal and biomechanical responses of triathletes in extreme heat conditions.